Trisomy 18 syndrome. Children with the syndrome have
an extra chromosome 18 with a characteristic pattern of multiple malformations and
mental retardation. Features include low birth weight, small head (microcephaly),
small jaw (micrognathia), malformations of the heart and kidneys, clenched fists
with abnormal finger positioning, and malformed feet. The mental retardation is
profound with an IQ too low to measure. Nineteen out of 20 of these children die
before their first birthday. The condition is named after the British physician
and geneticist John Edwards who discovered the extra chromosome in 1960.
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