< b>Ectoderm: One of the three primary germ cell layers (the other two being
the mesoderm and endoderm) that make up the very early embryo. The ectoderm is the
outermost of the three layers. It differentiates to give rise to many important
tissues and structures including the outer layer of the skin and its appendages
(the sweat glands, hair, and nails), the teeth, the lens of the eye, parts of the
inner ear, the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. This much is classic human embryology.
Stem cell research, however, has shown that some cells within ectodermal structures
retain their ability to differentiate into other tissues. For example, some cells
in brain (ectoderm) can become bone marrow (mesoderm).
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