Colorblindness of the red-green type, also known as deuteranopia
or Daltonism.
The term "Daltonism" is derived from the name of the chemist and physicist, John
Dalton (1766-1844). Dalton was born in a village in Cumberland, England where his
father, Joseph, was a weaver in poor circumstances. He was educated by his father
and John Fletcher, teacher in a Quaker school. When Fletcher retired in 1778, Dalton
took his place. In 1793 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy
at New College in Manchester. In 1803 he put forth the facts embodied in his law
of partial pressures: the pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures
which would be exerted separately by the several constituents if each alone were
present. Dalton's reputation largely rests upon his great Atomic Theory. It was
said of Dalton that "into society he rarely went, and his only amusement was a game
of bowls on Thursday afternoons."
Dalton described his and his brother's affliction of colorblindness with defective
perception of red and green in the first scientific paper he published. It was entitled
"Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours, with observation" (Mem Literary
Philos Soc Manchester 5: 28-45, 1798). It is the first recognized account of red-green
colorblindness.
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