< b>Cell, stem: An ancestral cell, the most primitive type of cell.
Stem cells are relatively unspecialized (undifferentiated) cells that are characteristically
of the same family type (lineage). They retain the ability to divide throughout
life and give rise to cells that can become highly specialized and take the place
of cells that die or are lost.
Stem cells thus contribute to the body's ability to renew and repair its tissues.
Unlike mature cells, which are permanently committed to their fate, stem cells can
both renew themselves as well as create new cells of whatever tissue they belong
to (and other tissues).
Bone marrow stem cells, for example, are the most primitive cells in the marrow.
From them all the various types of blood cells are descended. Bone marrow stem-cell
transfusions (or transplants) were originally given to replace various types of
blood cells.
Stem cells from bone marrow can also, quite remarkably, give rise to non-marrow
cells. In a 1999 report in the journal Nature, scientists from Boston led by Dr.
Louis M. Kunkel reported that they gave bone marrow transplants from normal mice
to dystrophic mice. Some 12 weeks later about 10% of the muscle fibers in the diseased
animals were making the correct form of dystrophin, the protein that is defective
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This work suggests that bone marrow stem cells may
offer new ways of treating muscular dystrophy (and other non-blood diseases).
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