Catheter, central venous definition - medical term
A catheter (tube) that is passed through a vein
to end up in the thoracic (chest) portion of the vena cava (the large vein returning
blood to the heart) or in the right atrium of the heart.
Central venous catheters have a number of different uses. A central venous catheter
allows concentrated solutions to be infused with less risk of complications. It
permits monitoring of special blood pressures including the central venous pressure,
the pulmonary artery pressure, and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. A central
venous catheter can be used for the estimation of cardiac output and vascular resistance.
The near end of the catheter may also be connected to a chamber for injections given
over periods of months. A central venous catheter saves having to have frequent
small injections or "drips" placed in the arms. It may also allow a patient to have
medicine or fluids at home instead of in the hospital.
The central venous catheters may be inserted for the short term or long term.
There are two types of long term central catheters: a cuffed or tunnelled line and
the reservoir long line that ends in a rubber bulb or reservoir.
The possible complications of a central venous catheter include air in the chest
(pneumothorax) due to a punctured lung, bleeding in the chest (hemothorax), fluid
in the chest (hydrothorax), bleeding into or under the skin (hematoma) and infection.
If the line becomes disconnected, air may enter the blood and cause problems with
breathing or a stroke.
A central venous catheter is also called a central venous line. Sometimes, the
"venous" is omitted and it is called a central catheter or central line.
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