Definition of Calculus, renal
Calculus, renal definition - medical term A stone in the kidney (or lower down in the urinary tract).
Also called a kidney stone. The stones themselves are called renal caluli. The word
"calculus" (plural: calculi) is the Latin word for pebble.
R enal stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen,
flank, or groin. Kidney stones occur in 1 in 20 people at some time in their life.
The development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased
excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate, urate, cystine,
xanthine, and phosphate. The stones form in the urine collecting area (the pelvis)
of the kidney and may range in size from tiny to staghorn stones the size of the
renal pelvis itself.
The cystine stones (below) compared in size to a quarter (a U.S. $0.25 coin)
were obtained from the kidney of a young woman by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy
(PNL), a procedure for crushing and removing the dense stubborn stones characteristic
of cystinuria.
The pain with kidney stones is usually of sudden onset, very severe and colicky
(intermittent), not improved by changes in position, radiating from the back, down
the flank, and into the groin. Nausea and vomiting are common.
Factors predisposing to kidney stones include recent reduction in fluid intake,
increased exercise with dehydration, medications that cause hyperuricemia (high
uric acid) and a history of gout.
Treatment includes relief of pain, hydration and, if there is concurrent urinary
infection, antibiotics.
The majority of stones pass spontaneously within 48 hours. However, some stones
may not. There are several factors which influence the ability to pass a stone.
These include the size of the person, prior stone passage, prostate enlargement,
pregnancy, and the size of the stone. A 4 mm stone has an 80% chance of passage
while a 5 mm stone has a 20% chance. If a stone does not pass, certain procedures
(usually done by a urology specialist) may be needed.
The process of stone formation is called nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis. "Nephrolithiasis"
is derived from the Greek nephros- (kidney) lithos (stone) = kidney stone "Urolithiasis"
is from the French word "urine" which, in turn, stems from the Latin "urina" and
the Greek "ouron" meaning urine = urine stone.
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