Definition of Abrin
Abrin definition - medical term A phytotoxin (plant poison) found in the seeds of a plant called
the rosary pea or jequirity pea. These seeds are red with a black spot covering
one end. Abrin is similar to ricin, a toxin that is also found in the seeds of a
plant (the castor bean plant), although abrin is much more poisonous than ricin.
Abrin can be made in the form of a powder, a mist, or a pellet, or it can be dissolved
in water. Powdered abrin is yellowish-white in color. Abrin is a stable substance,
meaning that it can last for a long time in the environment despite extreme conditions
such as very hot or very cold temperatures. The seeds of the rosary pea have been
used to make beaded jewelry, which can lead to abrin poisoning if the seeds are
swallowed. Abrin is currently of concern as a possible agent of bioterrorism.
Abrin works by getting inside the cells of a person's body and preventing the
cells from making the proteins they need. Without the proteins, cells die. Eventually
this is harmful to the whole body, and death may occur. The major symptoms of abrin
poisoning depend on the route of exposure and the dose received, though many organs
may be affected in severe cases.
Initial symptoms of abrin poisoning by inhalation may occur within 8 hours of
exposure. The likely symptoms are respiratory distress (difficulty breathing), fever,
cough, nausea, and tightness in the chest. Heavy sweating may follow as well as
fluid building up in the lungs (pulmonary edema). This would make breathing even
more difficult, and the skin might turn blue. Excess fluid in the lungs would be
diagnosed by x-ray or by listening to the chest with a stethoscope. Finally, low
blood pressure and respiratory failure may occur, leading to death.
Following ingestion of abrin, initial symptoms may occur in less than 6 hours
but usually are delayed for 1 to 3 days. Symptoms would include vomiting and diarrhea
that may become bloody. Severe dehydration may be the result, followed by low blood
pressure. Other signs or symptoms may include hallucinations, seizures, and blood
in the urine. Within several days, the person's liver, spleen, and kidneys might
stop working, and the person could die.
Abrin in the powder or mist form can cause redness and pain of the skin and the
eyes. Death from abrin poisoning could take place within 36 to 72 hours of exposure,
depending on the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or injection) and the
dose received. If death has not occurred in 3 to 5 days, the victim usually recovers.
Because no antidote exists for abrin, the most important factor is avoiding abrin
exposure in the first place. If exposure cannot be avoided, the most important factor
is then getting the abrin off or out of the body as quickly as possible. Abrin poisoning
is treated by giving victims supportive medical care to minimize the effects of
the poisoning. The types of supportive medical care would depend on several factors,
such as the route by which victims were poisoned (that is, whether poisoning was
by inhalation, ingestion, or skin or eye exposure). Care could include such measures
as helping victims breathe, giving them intravenous fluids (fluids given through
a needle inserted into a vein), giving them medications to treat conditions such
as seizure and low blood pressure, flushing their stomachs with activated charcoal
(if the abrin has been very recently ingested), or washing out their eyes with water
if their eyes are irritated.
|
|
