the conduct of judicial proceedings (trials, hearings and routine matters such as
trial settings) in which the public may be present. Some hearings and discussions
are held in the judge's chambers ("in camera") or with the courtroom cleared of
non-participants and/or the jury such as adoptions, sanity hearings, juvenile criminal
charges and arguments over evidence and motions which might prejudice the jury.
The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, later applied to the states under the 14th
Amendment, guarantees criminal defendants a "public trial," so all criminal proceedings
are held in "open court. " This does not apply to pre-trial negotiations and procedural
and motion discussions with the judge, which are usually held in chambers.
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