<mathematics, algorithm> (Or "linear assignment") Any problem
involving minimising the sum of C(a, b) over a set P of pairs
(a, b) where a is an element of some set A and b is an element
of set B, and C is some function, under constraints such as
"each element of A must appear exactly once in P" or similarly
for B, or both.
For example, the a's could be workers and the b's projects.
The problem is "linear" because the "cost function" C()
depends only on the particular pairing (a, b) and is
independent of all other pairings.
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